Consider using a pepper to provide additional defense in depth (though alone, it provides no additional secure characteristics).

If FIPS-140 compliance is required, use PBKDF2 with a work factor of 600,000 or more and set with an internal hash function of HMAC-SHA-256.For legacy systems using bcrypt, use a work factor of 10 or more and with a password limit of 72 bytes.If Argon2id is not available, use scrypt with a minimum CPU/memory cost parameter of (2^17), a minimum block size of 8 (1024 bytes), and a parallelization parameter of 1.Use Argon2id with a minimum configuration of 19 MiB of memory, an iteration count of 2, and 1 degree of parallelism.This cheat sheet provides guidance on the various areas that need to be considered related to storing passwords. As a defender, it is only possible to slow down offline attacks by selecting hash algorithms that are as resource intensive as possible. The majority of modern languages and frameworks provide built-in functionality to help store passwords safely.Īfter an attacker has acquired stored password hashes, they are always able to brute force hashes offline. It is essential to store passwords in a way that prevents them from being obtained by an attacker even if the application or database is compromised. Password Storage Cheat Sheet ¶ Introduction ¶ Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention

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